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11.
Staying with the system: theoretical consistency and change in Danish geographical work on the Sahel
Laura Vang Rasmussen Jonas Ø. Nielsen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2014,114(1):3-16
Scholars have studied the Sahel intensely since major droughts hit the region in the early 1970s. One of the most persistent of these in terms of both volume and time span is Anette Reenberg. In this paper we explore her studies of the Sahel published in peer-reviewed journals and their impact over the last three decades. Reenberg has had a remarkably stable theoretical agenda concerned with the importance of understanding the social and biophysical systems as one coupled human-environmental system. This agenda has influenced contemporary as well as subsequent Danish scholars publishing on the Sahel. Taking papers published in Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography as an example we show how scholars have moved from treating aspects of the Sahelian droughts according to the traditional natural-social science divide towards a much more coupled manner. This rise of the coupled human-environmental system framework in the journal may be attributed to Reenberg’s theoretical agenda as well as a new international stream of research joining the human and environmental sciences in an interdisciplinary effort. Hence, it is also shown how Reenberg’s theoretical agenda have influenced scholars trying to grasp contemporary global change. This is especially evident in the land science community. 相似文献
12.
Two definitions of gravitational energy, Einstein's pseudo-tensor expression of energy in curved space-time and Lynden-Bell and Katz's (LBK) definition, are shown to give equivalent results, as applied to spherically-symetric static systems in the presence of arbitary sources. The conjectured expression for energy density of field plus matter for general static space times, given by Katz, Lynden-Bell, and Israel (KLBI), is applied to a system with internal and external Schwarzschild metric, and also to a vacuum dominated space-time with the De Sitter metric. The physical contents of the KLBI-expression is discussed by analyzing the Newtonian limit in a space filled with matter. 相似文献
13.
Øyvind Nordli Øyvind Lie Atle Nesje Rasmus E. Benestad 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(3):431-445
By stepwise regression analysis the accumulation, ablation, and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) were modelled by circulation indices and spring‐summer temperature on six Norwegian glaciers (Ålfotbreen, Nigardsbreen, Rembesdalsskåka, Storbreen, Hellstugubreen and Gråsubreen). The circulation indices were derived from a gridded monthly mean sea level pressure (MSLP) data set, whereas temperature series were derived from instrumental and proxy data. Analyses showed that accumulation on the western glaciers was strongly related to western airflow perpendicular to the main mountain range releasing precipitation on the glaciers. No other airflow variable significantly improved the regression. For the continental glaciers, circulating air in connection with low pressure systems was also found to be important. This may explain the lack of synchronicity in the glaciers' development in southern Norway during the Holocene. Accumulation was better modelled using the MSLP data set than by using the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index as predictor. The decadal variations of accumulation, ablation, and ELA were analysed by a Gaussian low pass filter. The well‐known abundant accumulation on Norwegian glaciers during the early 1990s turned out to be unprecedented during the entire series (since 1781), whereas the accumulation of the 1960s has not been lower since the early 19th century according to model results. Ablation increased significantly from the mid‐19th century to the 1930s. The ablation maximum during the 1930s has not yet been exceeded. Also the 1930s show extremely high ELA values. 相似文献
14.
George E.J. Beckmann Niels Ø. Olesen Kai Sørensen 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1977,36(2):269-279
In the Nordre Strømfjord shear zone of central West Greenland it is believed that the gneisses exposed at the coast reached a maximum depth of burial about 10 km deeper than those now adjacent to the inland ice. This theory was tested palaeomagnetically. Further sampling up the mountain K?llingeh?tten was carried out to ascertain changes of direction of magnetization with height.The magnetic susceptibility ellipsoids were determined for each specimen and were used to correct their directions of magnetization for the effects of anisotropy. Complicated but compact polar wander paths were derived for both the fjord and mountain traverses. The path for the fjord is consistent with the geological model but does not support it. This inconclusive result may be the consequence of a low rate of polar wander. The mean palaeomagnetic poles are 27.7°N, 276.6° E (dp = 13.8°,dm = 17.3°) for Nordre Strømfjord and 25.3°N, 300.4°E (dp = 11.5°,dm = 14.1°) for K?llingeh?tten. 相似文献
15.
M. W. Pedersen A. Kokkalis H. Bardarson S. Bonanomi W. J. Boonstra W. E. Butler F. K. Diekert N. Fouzai M. Holma R. E. Holt K. Ø. Kvile E. Nieminen K. M. Ottosen A. Richter L. A. Rogers G. Romagnoni M. Snickars A. Törnroos B. Weigel J. D. Whittington P. Woods J. Yletyinen A. S. A. Ferreira 《Climatic change》2016,134(1-2):147-161
16.
Lars Ø. Hansen Verner B. Ernstsen Lars B. Clemmensen Zyad Al-Hamdani Aart Kroon 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(4):804-821
Washover fans are located on small barriers in fetch-limited micro-tidal coastal environments in Denmark. These washover fans are formed during high-energy storm events and we present a method to quantify their volumes and to estimate sediment exchanges between washover fans and their adjacent morphologies. We use high resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. We have delineated landforms using known methods of scale analysis and geomorphometric classification. We quantified volumes of the delineated landforms and estimated the related sediment budgets. These computed volumes were compared using different pre-depositional surfaces. Finally, we assessed the sediment exchange and associated sources of sediments of the washover fans. We applied a scale analysis to determine suitable DTM resolution and focal statistics window size as input to a geomorphometric classification analysis. Landform areas and landforms were delineated using morphometric threshold values, and volumes and sediment budgets of the delineated landforms were computed using different assumptions to define the pre-depositional surface. Resulting washover fan volumes were validated against digital elevation model (DEM) of difference (DoD) derived volumes. Sediment budgets were derived from representative volumes of the washover fans and adjacent berms. We show that quantification of washover features derived from DTMs, using geomorphometric analysis is feasible and that the presented approach provides estimates of washover deposit volumes with an accuracy between 1% and 28% compared to control volumes. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
J. Luterbacher S. J. Koenig J. Franke G. van der Schrier E. Zorita A. Moberg J. Jacobeit P. M. Della-Marta M. Küttel E. Xoplaki D. Wheeler T. Rutishauser M. Stössel H. Wanner R. Brázdil P. Dobrovolný D. Camuffo C. Bertolin A. van Engelen F. J. Gonzalez-Rouco R. Wilson C. Pfister D. Limanówka Ø. Nordli L. Leijonhufvud J. Söderberg R. Allan M. Barriendos Rüdiger Glaser D. Riemann Z. Hao C. S. Zerefos 《Climatic change》2010,101(1-2):201-234
We use long instrumental temperature series together with available field reconstructions of sea-level pressure (SLP) and three-dimensional climate model simulations to analyze relations between temperature anomalies and atmospheric circulation patterns over much of Europe and the Mediterranean for the late winter/early spring (January–April, JFMA) season. A Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) investigates interannual to interdecadal covariability between a new gridded SLP field reconstruction and seven long instrumental temperature series covering the past 250 years. We then present and discuss prominent atmospheric circulation patterns related to anomalous warm and cold JFMA conditions within different European areas spanning the period 1760–2007. Next, using a data assimilation technique, we link gridded SLP data with a climate model (EC-Bilt-Clio) for a better dynamical understanding of the relationship between large scale circulation and European climate. We thus present an alternative approach to reconstruct climate for the pre-instrumental period based on the assimilated model simulations. Furthermore, we present an independent method to extend the dynamic circulation analysis for anomalously cold European JFMA conditions back to the sixteenth century. To this end, we use documentary records that are spatially representative for the long instrumental records and derive, through modern analogs, large-scale SLP, surface temperature and precipitation fields. The skill of the analog method is tested in the virtual world of two three-dimensional climate simulations (ECHO-G and HadCM3). This endeavor offers new possibilities to both constrain climate model into a reconstruction mode (through the assimilation approach) and to better asses documentary data in a quantitative way. 相似文献
18.
Reconstructing the temporal and spatial climate development on a seasonal basis during the last few centuries, including the
‘Little Ice Age’, may help us better understand modern-day interplay between natural and anthropogenic climate variability.
The conventional view of the climate development during the last millennium has been that it followed a sequence of a Medieval
Warm Period, a cool ‘Little Ice Age’ and a warming during the later part of the 19th century and in particular during the
late 20th/early 21st centuries. However, recent research has challenged this rather simple sequence of climate development.
Up to the present, it has been considered most likely that the ‘Little Ice Age’ glacial expansion in western Scandinavia was
due to lower summer temperatures. Data presented here, however, indicate that the main cause of the early 18th century glacial
advance in western Scandinavia was mild and humid winters associated with increased precipitation and high snowfall on the
glaciers. 相似文献
19.
Stratigraphical distribution of platinum-group minerals in the Eastern Layered Series, Rum, Scotland
Abundant and diverse platinum-group minerals (PGM) occur throughout the Tertiary layered intrusion on Rum, Scotland. In this
paper we document the distribution of PGM within the Eastern Layered Series (ELS) on Rum, which comprises 16 alternating units
of olivine-dominant feldspathic peridotite grading to plagioclase-dominant allivalite. The PGM occur in six main chrome-spinel
layers in the Eastern Layered Series and are clearly associated with minor concentrations of interstitial sulphides. Common
PGM phases include: Pd–Cu alloys, Pt–Fe alloys, native Pt, laurite, moncheite, sperrylite, isomertiete, cooperite and braggite
along with a large number of other less common arsenide, bismuthotelluride and sulphide phases. Analyses of the discrete chromitite
layers yield up to ΣPGE + Au 2618 ppb. Although present throughout the 750-m-thick ELS, there are clear stratigraphical changes
in the PGM assemblage. The presence of PGM in the ELS on Rum are interpreted as being caused by mantle melting associated
with the proto-Icelandic `hot spot', followed by localised concentration because of the combined effects of magma mixing,
sulphide-silicate liquid immiscibility and fractional crystallisation. Most of the PGM are magmatic in origin but some grains
show evidence of hydrothermal alteration.
Received: 27 November 1999 / Accepted: 27 April 2000 相似文献
20.
Ø. Elgarøy 《Solar physics》1986,104(1):43-49
Pulsations with periods down to 0.05 s have been observed in continuum emission following flares. In pulsating events several frequencies may be excited, simultaneously or in time succession. Pulsations occur both in classical type IV events and in short-lasting continuum events. The power spectrum shows no large variation during one or two hours. Some implications of fast pulsations for the generation mechanism are discussed.Proceedings of the Workshop on Radio Continua during Solar Flares, held at Duino (Trieste), Italy, 27–31 May, 1985. 相似文献